2 101 X One of the early states named in traditional literature, Kamboja was conquered by the Persian emperor, Cyrus II. It and Gandhara together formed a satrapy of the Persian Empire which yielded an enormous annual tribute.
#Kamboja
3 101 X One of the early Indian states, capital Takshashila, known from literature, Gandhara was conquered by Darius in 517 BC. It formed part of the wealthiest satrapy of the Persian Empire.
#Gandhara
4 101 X One of the early Indian kingdoms referred to in traditional literature. The descendants of the Mahabharata heroes, the Pandavas, are said to have moved to its capital, Kausambi, when Hastinapura was destroyed by flooding. A massive brick rampart was built round this city by 400 BC.
#Vatsa
5 101 X One of the major early Indian kingdoms, Kosala fell to Ajatashatru of Magadha in the early 5th century BC. Its capital, Sravasti, lacked the massive fortifications characteristic of many important cities of the time.
#Kosala
6 101 X One of the early central Indian kingdoms, Kasi was conquered by neighbouring Kosala in the 6th century BC. Its capital, Rajghat (Varanasi), was massively fortified at this time.
#Kasi
7 101 X One of the kingdoms mentioned in early Indian literature. Its capital, Ujjayini (Ujjain), was massively fortified in the 5th century BC. It was absorbed at an uncertain date by Magadha, with whom it had long maintained hostile relations.
#Avanti
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#IW Coins
9 101 X Capital of the Sakya republic in the Himalayan foothills and home of the Buddha. Shortly before the Buddha's death the city was captured and the tribe massacred by the king of Kosala.
#Kapilavastu
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#The reforming religions
11 101 X Rajagriha (modern Rajgir) was the capital of Magadha in the time of the Buddha and he himself was a frequent visitor here as both King Bimbisara and his son Ajatashatru were his admirers. Although the city was reputed to be of ancient date, no remains survive from earlier times.
